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Structure of optimal martingale transport plans in general dimensions

Given two probability measures $μ$ and $ν$ in "convex order" on $\R^d$, we study the profile of one-step martingale plans $π$ on $\R^d\times \R^d$ that optimize the expected value of the modulus of their increment among all martingales having $μ$ and $ν$ as marginals. While there is a great deal of results for the real line (i.e., when $d=1$), much less is known in the richer and more delicate higher dimensional case that we tackle in this paper. We show that many structural results can be obtained whenever a natural dual optimization problem is attained, provided the initial measure $μ$ is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. One such a property is that $μ$-almost every $x$ in $\R^d$ is transported by the optimal martingale plan into a probability measure $π_x$ concentrated on the extreme points of the closed convex hull of its support. This will be established in full generality in the 2-dimensional case, and also for any $d\geq 3$ as long as the marginals are in "subharmonic order". In some cases, $π_x$ is supported on the vertices of a $k(x)$-dimensional polytope, such as when the target measure is discrete. Many of the proofs rely on a remarkable decomposition of "martingale supporting" Borel subsets of $\R^d\times \R^d$ into a collection of mutually disjoint components by means of a "convex paving" of the source space. If the martingale is optimal, then each of the components in the decomposition supports a restricted optimal martingale transport for which the dual problem is attained. These decompositions are used to obtain structural results in cases where duality is not attained. On the other hand, they can also be related to higher dimensional Nikodym sets. %On the other hand, they can also lead to natural and intriguing constructions of higher dimensional Nikodym sets.