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Strict domain monotonicity of the principal eigenvalue and a characterization of lower boundedness for the Friedrichs extension of four-coefficient Sturm-Liouville operators

Using the variational characterization of the principal (i.e., smallest) eigenvalue below the essential spectrum of a lower semibounded self-adjoint operator, we prove strict domain monotonicity (with respect to changing the finite interval length) of the principal eigenvalue of the Friedrichs extension $T_F$ of the minimal operator for regular four-coefficient Sturm--Liouville differential expressions. In the more general singular context, these four-coefficient differential expressions act according to \[ τf = \frac{1}{r} \left( - \big(f^{[1]}\big)' + s f^{[1]} + qf\right)\,\text{ with $f^{[1]} = p [f' + s f]$ on $(a,b) \subseteq \mathbb{R}$}, \] where the coefficients $p$, $q$, $r$, $s$ are real-valued and Lebesgue measurable on $(a,b)$, with $p > 0$, $r>0$ a.e.\ on $(a,b)$, and $p^{-1}$, $q$, $r$, $s \in L^1_{loc}((a,b); dx)$, and $f$ is supposed to satisfy \[ f \in AC_{loc}((a,b)), \; p[f' + s f] \in AC_{loc}((a,b)). \] This setup is sufficiently general so that $τ$ permits certain distributional potential coefficients $q$, including potentials in $H^{-1}_{loc}((a,b))$. As a consequence of the strict domain monotonicity of the principal eigenvalue of the Friedrichs extension in the regular case, and on the basis of oscillation theory in the singular context, in our main result, we characterize all lower bounds of $T_F$ as those $λ\in \mathbb{R}$ for which the differential equation $τu = λu$ has a strictly positive solution $u > 0$ on $(a,b)$.