Abstract
In particle-in-cell simulations, excessive or even unfeasible computational demands can be caused by the growth of the number of particles in the course of prolific ionization or cascaded pair production due to the effects of quantum electrodynamics. Here we discuss how one can organize a dynamic rearrangement of the ensemble to reduce the number of macroparticles, while maintaining acceptable sampling of an arbitrary particle distribution. The approaches of merging and thinning as well as their variants are discussed and the aspects of use are considered.
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