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Stochastic individual-based models with power law mutation rate on a general finite trait space

We consider a stochastic individual-based model for the evolution of a haploid, asexually reproducing population. The space of possible traits is given by the vertices of a (possibly directed) finite graph $G=(V,E)$. The evolution of the population is driven by births, deaths, competition, and mutations along the edges of $G$. We are interested in the large population limit under a mutation rate $μ_K$ given by a negative power of the carrying capacity $K$ of the system: $μ_K=K^{-1/α},α>0$. This results in several mutant traits being present at the same time and competing for invading the resident population. We describe the time evolution of the orders of magnitude of each sub-population on the $\log K$ time scale, as $K$ tends to infinity. Using techniques developed in [Champagnat, Méléard, Tran, 2019] we show that these are piecewise affine continuous functions, whose slopes are given by an algorithm describing the changes in the fitness landscape due to the succession of new resident or emergent types. This work generalises [Kraut, Bovier, 2019] to the stochastic setting, and Theorem 3.2 of [Bovier, Coquille, Smadi, 2018] to any finite mutation graph. We illustrate our theorem by a series of examples describing surprising phenomena arising from the geometry of the graph and/or the rate of mutations.