Paper detail

Solving linear-rate ODE hierarchies (like master equations) using closures and operator splitting

Countably infinite systems of linear ODEs arise as forward equations for many continuous-time Markov processes. The standard recipe -- truncate to a finite cap N and exponentiate -- pays cubic cost in N and a time-growing boundary-feedback bias. We identify a structural condition on the rates, L_{n+r,n} = alpha_r n + beta_r ("linear-rate"), under which the generating function G(z,t) = sum_n x_n(t) z^n satisfies a first-order linear PDE in z, and the method of characteristics yields a composition-multiplier representation G(z,t) = K_t(z) G(Phi_t(z), 0). The Taylor coefficients of Phi_t and K_t on any output window {0,...,N} are determined exactly by a closed lower-triangular polynomial ODE on R^{2(N+1)}, independent of any coefficients above N. Truncation enters only through the support M_0 of the initial law, set independently of N. For binary birth-death the closure collapses to the geometric tail p_n(t) = p_1(t) rho(t)^{n-1} with rho(t) = lambda(1 - e^{-(mu-lambda)t})/(mu - lambda e^{-(mu-lambda)t}). The linear-rate class spans Markov branching with immigration, multi-type branching, matrix-valued telegraph and G/R elongation, and signed or non-stochastic hierarchies. When the generator decomposes as L = A + B with A linear-rate and B non-affine (Schlogl bistable, predator-prey, lattice reaction-diffusion), we pair the closure with Strang splitting on B; Richardson extrapolation lifts the time order to Delta-t^4 at ~3x wall clock. On the Schlogl problem at V=500, N=8,000, the split runs 6.3x faster than dense Pade and 20x faster than sparse Krylov expv. For the stationary regime, a closure-Strang power iteration extends the same machinery to multi-dimensional product-state-space generators where sparse LU hits OOM/OOT or boundary-projection bias at usable caps. Numerical experiments locate where each route wins and where it is dominated by standard tools.