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Solar flows and their effect on frequencies of acoustic modes

We have calculated the effects of large scale solar flows like the meridional circulation, giant convection cells and solar rotation on the helioseismic splitting coefficients using quasi-degenerate perturbation theory (QDPT). Our investigation reveals that the effect of poloidal flows like the large scale meridional circulation are difficult to detect in observational data of the global acoustic modes since the frequency shifts are much less than the errors. However, signatures of large scale convective flows may be detected if their amplitude is sufficiently large by looking for frequency shifts due to nearly degenerate modes coupled by convection. In this comprehensive study, we attempt to put limits on the magnitude of flow velocities in giant cells by comparing the splitting coefficients obtained from the QDPT treatment with observational data.