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Sign Changes of Fourier Coefficients of Cusp Forms at Norm Form Arguments

Let $f$ be a non-CM Hecke eigencusp form of level 1 and fixed weight, and let $\{λ_f(n)\}_n$ be its sequence of normalized Fourier coefficients. We show that if $K/ \mathbb{Q}$ is any number field, and $\mathcal{N}_K$ denotes the collection of integers representable as norms of integral ideals of $K$, then a positive proportion of the positive integers $n \in \mathcal{N}_K$ yield a sign change for the sequence $\{λ_f(n)\}_{n \in \mathcal{N}_K}$. More precisely, for a positive proportion of $n \in \mathcal{N}_K \cap [1,X]$ we have $λ_f(n)λ_f(n') < 0$ where $n'$ is the first element of $\mathcal{N}_K$ greater than $n$ for which $λ_f(n') \neq 0$. For example, for $K = \mathbb{Q}(i)$ and $\mathcal{N}_K = \{m^2+n^2 : m,n \in \mathbb{Z}\}$ the set of sums of two squares, we obtain $\gg_f X/\sqrt{\log X}$ such sign changes, which is best possible (up to the implicit constant) and improves upon work of Banerjee and Pandey. Our proof relies on recent work of Matomäki and Radziwiłł on sparsely-supported multiplicative functions, together with some technical refinements of their results due to the author. In a related vein, we also consider the question of sign changes along shifted sums of two squares, for which multiplicative techniques do not directly apply. Using estimates for shifted convolution sums among other techniques, we establish that for any fixed $a \neq 0$ there are $\gg_{f,ε} X^{1/2-ε}$ sign changes for $λ_f$ along the sequence of integers of the form $a + m^2 + n^2 \leq X$.