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Short sums of trace functions over function fields and their applications

For large enough (but fixed) prime powers $q$, and trace functions to squarefree moduli in $\mathbb{F}_q[u]$ with slopes at most $1$ at infinity, and no Artin--Schreier factors in their geometric global monodromy, we come close to square-root cancellation in short sums. A special case is a function field version of Hooley's Hypothesis $R^*$ for short Kloosterman sums. As a result, we are able to make progress on several problems in analytic number theory over $\mathbb{F}_q[u]$ such as Mordell's problem on the least residue class not represented by a polynomial and the variance of short Kloosterman sums.