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Self-propulsion of a spherical electric or magnetic microbot in a polar viscous fluid

The self-propulsion of a sphere immersed in a polar liquid or ferrofluid is studied on the basis of ferrohydrodynamics. In the electrical case an oscillating charge density located inside the sphere generates an electrical field which polarizes the fluid. The lag of polarization with respect to the electrical field due to relaxation generates a time-independent electrical torque density acting on the fluid causing it to move. The resulting propulsion velocity of the sphere is calculated in perturbation theory to second order in powers of the charge density.