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Satellites in the Local Group and Other Nearby Groups

In recent years the census of known satellites in our own Local Group and in nearby galaxy groups has increased substantially due to sensitive wide-area surveys. In the Local Group these surveys have more than doubled its known galaxy content and extended the galaxy luminosity function to very faint total magnitudes. Deep ground-based imaging and spectroscopic observations as well as high-resolution imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope have revolutionized our understanding of the chemical evolution and star formation histories of the satellites. We often find long-lasting star formation episodes with low star formation efficiencies. There is evidence for localized, stochastic enrichment, and recent searches are now beginning to uncover even extremely metal-deficient stars. In many satellites evidence for two or more distinct stellar subpopulations is found. Differing fractions of old populations have been detected in all satellites studied in sufficient detail so far. Kinematic measurements support a picture in which satellites are dark-matter dominated, although recent results indicate that the proposed common mass scale for dwarf spheroidal galaxies may not hold for very low-mass satellites. When considering satellite ensembles, we find global morphology-distance and gas-content - distance relations in all groups studied thus far, but individual star formation histories also strongly depend on a given satellite's intrinsic properties.