Paper detail

Ricci Time in the Lemaitre-Tolman Model and the Block Universe

It is common to think of our universe according to the "block universe" concept, which says that spacetime consists of many "stacked" 3-surfaces, labelled by some kind of proper time, $τ$. Standard ideas do not distinguish past and future, but Ellis "evolving block universe" tries to make a fundamental distinction. One proposal for this proper time is the proper time measured along the timelike Ricci eigenlines, starting from the big bang. This work investigates the shape of the "Ricci time" surfaces relative to the the null surfaces. We use the Lemaitre-Tolman metric as our inhomogeneous spacetime model, and we find the necessary and sufficient conditions for these $\{τ$= constant$\}$ surfaces, $S(τ)$, to be spacelike or timelike. Furthermore, we look at the effect of strong gravity domains by determining the location of timelike $S$ regions relative to apparent horizons. We find that constant Ricci time surfaces are always spacelike near the big bang, while at late times (near the crunch or the extreme far future), they are only timelike under special circumstances. At intermediate times, timelike $S$ regions are common unless the variation of the bang time is restricted. The regions where these surfaces become timelike are often adjacent to apparent horizons, but always outside them, and in particular timelike $S$ regions do not occur inside black holes.