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Regulator dependence of inhomogeneous phases in the 2+1-dimensional Gross-Neveu model

The phase diagram of the Gross-Neveu model in $2+1$ space-time dimensions at non-zero temperature and chemical potential is studied in the limit of infinitely many flavors, focusing on the possible existence of inhomogeneous phases, where the order parameter $σ$ is non-uniform in space. To this end, we analyze the stability of the energetically favored homogeneous configuration $σ(\textbf{x}) = \barσ= \textrm{const}$ with respect to small inhomogeneous fluctuations, employing lattice field theory with two different lattice discretizations as well as a continuum approach with Pauli-Villars regularization. Within lattice field theory, we also perform a full minimization of the effective action, allowing for arbitrary 1-dimensional modulations of the order parameter. For all methods special attention is paid to the role of cutoff effects. For one of the two lattice discretizations, no inhomogeneous phase was found. For the other lattice discretization and within the continuum approach with a finite Pauli-Villars cutoff parameter $Λ$, we find a region in the phase diagram where an inhomogeneous order parameter is favored. This inhomogeneous region shrinks, however, when $a$ is decreased or $Λ$ is increased, and finally diappears for all non-zero temperatures when the cutoff is removed completely. For vanishing temperature, we find hints for a degeneracy of homogeneous and inhomogeneous solutions, in agreement with earlier findings.