Paper detail

Redshift evolution of the HI detection rate in radio-loud active galactic nuclei

We present a search for associated HI 21 cm absorption in a sample of 29 radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at $0.7 < z < 1$, carried out with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. We detect HI 21 cm absorption against none of our target AGNs, obtaining $3σ$ upper limits to the optical depth of $\lesssim$ 1% per 50 km s$^{-1}$ channel. The radio luminosity of our sources is lower than that of most AGNs searched for HI 21 cm absorption at similar redshifts in the literature, and, for all targets except two, the UV luminosity is below the threshold $10^{23}$ W Hz$^{-1}$, above which the HI in the AGN environment has been suggested to be completely ionised. We stacked the HI spectra to obtain a more stringent limit of $\approx 0.17$% per 50 km s$^{-1}$ channel on the average HI 21 cm optical depth of the sample. The sample is dominated by extended radio sources, 24 of which are extended on scales of tens of kiloparsecs. Including similar extended sources at $0.7 < z < 1.0$ from the literature, and comparing with a low-$z$ sample of extended radio sources, we find statistically significant ($\approx 3σ$) evidence that the strength of HI 21 cm absorption towards extended radio sources is weaker at $0.7<z<1.0$ than at $z < 0.25$, with a lower detection rate of HI 21 cm absorption at $0.7 < z < 1.0$. Redshift evolution in the physical conditions of HI is the likely cause of the weaker associated HI 21 cm absorption at high redshifts, due to either a low HI column density or a high spin temperature in high-$z$ AGN environments.