Projections of planar sets in well-separated directions

First, let $K \subset B(0,1) \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}$ be a set with $\mathcal{H}_{\infty}^{1}(K) \sim 1$, and write $π_{e}(K)$ for the orthogonal projection of $K$ into the line spanned by $e \in S^{1}$. For $1/2 \leq s < 1$, write $E_{s} := \{e : N(π_{e}(K),δ) \leq δ^{-s}\},$ where $N(A,r)$ is the $r$-covering number of the set $A$. It is well-known -- and essentially due to R. Kaufman -- that $N(E_{s},δ) \lessapprox δ^{-s}$. Using the polynomial method, I prove that $N(E_{s},r) \lessapprox \min\left\{δ^{-s}\left(\fracδ{r}\right)^{1/2},r^{-1}\right\}, \quad δ\leq r \leq 1.$ I construct examples showing that the exponents in the bound are sharp for $δ\leq r \leq δ^{s}$. The second theorem concerns projections of $1$-Ahlfors-David regular sets. Let $A \geq 1$ and $1/2 \leq s < 1$ be given. I prove that, for $p = p(A,s) \in \mathbb{N}$ large enough, the finite set of unit vectors $S_{p} := \{e^{2πi k/p} : 0 \leq k < p\}$ has the following property. If $K \subset B(0,1)$ is non-empty and $1$-Ahlfors-David regular with regularity constant at most $A$, then $\frac{1}{p} \sum_{e \in S_{p}} N(π_{e}(K),δ) \geq δ^{-s}$ for all small enough $δ> 0$. In particular, $\overline{\dim}_{\text{B}} π_{e}(K) \geq s$ for some $e \in S_{p}$.

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