Paper detail

Progenitor constraints on the Type-Ia supernova SN2011fe from pre-explosion Hubble Space Telescope HeII narrow-band observations

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging observations of the site of the Type-Ia supernova SN2011fe in the nearby galaxy M101, obtained about one year prior to the event, in a narrow band centred on the HeII 4686 Å emission line. In a "single-degenerate" progenitor scenario, the hard photon flux from an accreting white dwarf (WD), burning hydrogen on its surface over $\sim1$ Myr should, in principle, create a HeIII Strömgren sphere or shell surrounding the WD. Depending on the WD luminosity, the interstellar density, and the velocity of an outflow from the WD, the HeIII region could appear unresolved, extended, or as a ring, with a range of possible surface brightnesses. We find no trace of HeII 4686 Å line emission in the HST data. Using simulations, we set $2σ$ upper limits on the HeII 4686 Å luminosity of $L_{\rm HeII} < 3.4 \times 10^{34}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for a point source, corresponding to an emission region of radius $r < 1.8$ pc. The upper limit for an extended source is $L_{\rm HeII} < 1.7 \times 10^{35}$ erg s$^{-1}$, corresponding to an extended region with $r\sim11$ pc. The largest detectable shell, given an interstellar-medium density of 1 cm$^{-3}$, has a radius of $\sim6$ pc. Our results argue against the presence, within the $\sim10^5$ yr prior to the explosion, of a supersoft X-ray source of luminosity $L_{\rm bol} \ge 3 \times 10^{37}$ erg s$^{-1}$, or of a super-Eddington accreting WD that produces an outflowing wind capable of producing cavities with radii of 2-6 pc.