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Probing Reionization with Intensity Mapping of Molecular and Fine Structure Lines

We propose observations of the molecular gas distribution during the era of reionization. At $z \sim $ 6 to 8, $^{12}$CO$(J=1-0)$ line intensity results in a mean brightness temperature of about 0.5 $μ$K with rms fluctuations of 0.1 $μ$K at 1 to 10 Mpc spatial scales, corresponding to 30 arcminute angular scales. This intensity fluctuations can be mapped with an interferometer, similar to existing and planned 21-cm background experiments, but operating at $\sim$ 12 to 17 GHz. We discuss the feasibility of detecting the cross-correlation between HI and CO molecular gas since such a cross-correlation has the advantage that it will be independent of systematics and most foregrounds in each of the 21-cm and CO$(1-0)$ line experiments. Additional instruments tuned to higher-order transitions of the CO molecule or an instrument operating with high spectral resolution at mm-wavelengths targeting 158 $μ$m CII could further improve the reionization studies with molecular gas. The combined 21-cm and CO line observations has the potential to establish the relative distribution of gas in the inter-galactic medium and molecular gas that are clumped in individual first-light galaxies that are closely connected to the formation of massive stars in these galaxies.