Probabilistic cellular automata with general alphabets letting a Markov chain invariant

This paper is devoted to probabilistic cellular automata (PCA) on $\mathbb{N}$, $\mathbb{Z}$ or $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$, depending of two neighbors, with a general alphabet $E$ (finite or infinite, discrete or not). We study the following question: under which conditions does a PCA possess a Markov chain as invariant distribution? Previous results in the literature give some conditions on the transition matrix (for positive rate PCA) when the alphabet $E$ is finite. Here we obtain conditions on the transition kernel of PCA with a general alphabet $E$. In particular, we show that the existence of an invariant Markov chain is equivalent to the existence of a solution to a cubic integral equation. One of the difficulties to pass from a finite alphabet to a general alphabet comes from some problems of measurability, and a large part of this work is devoted to clarify these issues.

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