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Pressure-driven wrinkling of soft inner-lined tubes

Wrinkling of an inextensible elastic lining of an inner-lined tube under imposed pressure is considered. A simple equation modeling the elastic properties of the lining, the pressure, and the soft-substrate forces is derived. This equation aims to capture the wrinkling response of arterial endothelium to blood pressure changes. Numerical continuation is used to construct a bifurcation diagram as a function of the imposed pressure for in-plane deformations, in excellent agreement with weakly nonlinear theory, which we also develop. Our approach explains how the wavelength and amplitude of the wrinkles are selected as a function of the parameters in compressed wrinkling systems and shows how localized folds and mixed-mode states form in secondary bifurcations from wrinkled states.