Phase Diagram of Flexible Polymers with Quenched Disordered Charged Monomers

Recent advances in Generalized Ensemble simulations and microcanonical analysis allowed the investigation of structural transitions in polymer models over a broad range of local bending and torsion strengths. It is reasonable to argue that electrostatic interactions play a significant role in stabilizing and mediating structural transitions in polymers. We propose a bead-spring polymer model with randomly distributed charged monomers interacting via a screened Coulomb potential. By combining the Replica Exchange Wang-Landau (REWL) method with energy-dependent monomer updates, we constructed the hyperphase diagram as a function of temperature ($T$) and charged monomer concentration ($η$). The coil-globule and globular-solid transitions are respectively second and first order for the entire concentration range. However, above a concentration threshold of $η=80\%$, electrostatic repulsion hinders the formation of solid and liquid globules, and the interplay between enthalpic and entropic interactions leads to the formation of liquid pearl-necklace ad solid helical structures. The probability distribution, $P(E,T)$, indicates that at high $η$, the pearl-necklace liquid phase freezes into a stable solid helix-like structure with a free energy barrier higher than the freezing globule transition at low $η$.

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