Permutation-based Strategies for Labeled Chip-Firing on kk-ary Trees

preprint2026arXivOpen access

Abstract

Chip-firing is a combinatorial game on a graph, in which chips are placed and dispersed among its vertices until a stable configuration is achieved. We specifically study a chip-firing variant on an infinite, rooted, directed kk-ary tree where we place knk^n chips labeled 0,1,…,kn−10,1,\dots, k^n-1 on the root for some nonnegative integer nn, and we say a vertex vv can fire if it has at least kk chips. When a vertex fires, we select kk labeled chips and send the iith smallest chip among them to its iith leftmost child. A stable configuration is reached when no vertex can fire. In this paper, we focus on stable configurations resulting from specific firing strategies based on permutations of 1,2,…,n1, 2, \dots, n. We then express the stable configuration as a permutation of 0,1,2,…,kn−10,1, 2, \dots, k^n-1 and explore its properties, such as the number of inversions and descents.

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