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Peculiar radio$-$X-ray relationship in active stars

The empirical relationship between the non-thermal 5GHz radio luminosity and the soft X-ray luminosity of active stellar coronae, canonically called the Güdel-Benz relationship (Güdel & Benz 1993), has been a cornerstone of stellar radio astronomy as it explicitly ties the radio emission to the coronal heating mechanisms. The relationship extends from microflares on the Sun to the coronae of the most active stars suggesting that active coronae are heated by a flare-like process (Benz & Güdel 1994). The relationship is thought to originate from a consistent partition of the available flare energy into relativistic charges, that emit in the radio-band via the incoherent gyrosynchrotron mechanism, and heating of the bulk coronal plasma, that emits in the X-ray band via the Bremsstrahlung mechanism. Consequently, coherent emission from stellar and sub-stellar objects is not expected to adhere to this empirical relationship, as is observed in ultracool dwarf stars and brown dwarfs. Here we report a population of radio-detected chromospherically active stars that surprisingly follows the Güdel-Benz relationship despite their radio emission being classified as coherent emission by virtue of its high circularly polarised fraction and high brightness temperature. Our results prompt a re-examination of the physics behind the Güdel-Benz relationship, its implication for the mechanism of coronal heating and particle acceleration in active stars and the phenomenological connection between solar and stellar flares.