Paper detail

Peaceful coexistence of thermal equilibrium and the emergence of time

We consider a quantum Universe composed by a small system S and a large environment. It has been demonstrated that, for the vast majority of randomly chosen wave-functions of the Universe satisfying a total energy constraint, the reduced density matrix of the system S is given by the canonical statistical distribution. Here, through the Page and Wootters mechanism, we show that time and non-equilibrium dynamics can emerge as a consequence of the entanglement between the system and the environment present in the (randomly chosen) global wave-function of the Universe. The clock is provided by the environment, which ticks the temporal evolution of S. The paradox of the peaceful coexistence of statistical equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics is solved by identifying the trace over the environment degrees of freedom with the temporal trace over the entire history of the system S.