Pattern-Avoiding Fishburn Permutations and Ascent Sequences

A Fishburn permutation is a permutation which avoids the bivincular pattern $(231, \{1\}, \{1\})$, while an ascent sequence is a sequence of nonnegative integers in which each entry is less than or equal to one more than the number of ascents to its left. Fishburn permutations and ascent sequences are linked by a bijection $g$ of Bousquet-Mélou, Claesson, Dukes, and Kitaev. We write $F_n(σ_1,\ldots,σ_k)$ to denote the set of Fishburn permutations of length $n$ which avoid each of $σ_1,\ldots,σ_k$ and we write $A_n(α_1,\ldots,α_k)$ to denote the set of ascent sequences which avoid each of $α_1,\ldots,α_k$. We settle a conjecture of Gil and Weiner by showing that $g$ restricts to a bijection between $F_n(3412)$ and $A_n(201)$. Building on work of Gil and Weiner, we use elementary techniques to enumerate $F_n(123)$ with respect to inversion number and number of left-to-right maxima, obtaining expressions in terms of $q$-binomial coefficients, and to enumerate $F_n(123,σ)$ for all $σ$. We use generating tree techniques to study the generating functions for $F_n(321, 1423)$, $F_n(321,3124)$, and $F_n(321,2143)$ with respect to inversion number and number of left-to-right maxima. We use these results to show $|F_n(321,1423)| = |F_n(321,3124)| = F_{n+2} - n - 1$, where $F_n$ is a Fibonacci number, and $|F_n(321,2143)| = 2^{n-1}$. We conclude with a variety of conjectures and open problems.

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