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Orthogonality of Jacobi polynomials with general parameters

In this paper we study the orthogonality conditions satisfied by Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(α,β)}$ when the parameters $α$ and $β$ are not necessarily $>-1$. We establish orthogonality on a generic closed contour on a Riemann surface. Depending on the parameters, this leads to either full orthogonality conditions on a single contour in the plane, or to multiple orthogonality conditions on a number of contours in the plane. In all cases we show that the orthogonality conditions characterize the Jacobi polynomial $P_n^{(α, β)}$ of degree $n$ up to a constant factor.