On the moments of torsion points modulo primes and their applications

Let $\mathbb{A}[n]$ be the group of $n$-torsion points of a commutative algebraic group $\mathbb{A}$ defined over a number field $F$. For a prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}$, we let $N_{\mathfrak{p}}(\mathbb{A}[n])$ be the number of $\mathbb{F}_\mathfrak{p}$-solutions of the system of polynomial equations defining $\mathbb{A}[n]$ when reduced modulo $\mathfrak{p}$. Here, $\mathbb{F}_{\mathfrak{p}}$ is the residue field at $\mathfrak{p}$. Let $π_F(x)$ denote the number of primes $\mathfrak{p}$ of $F$ whose norm $N(\mathfrak{p})$ do not exceed $x$. We then, for algebraic groups of dimension one, compute the $k$-th moment limit $M_k(\mathbb{A}/F, n)=\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{π_F(x)} \sum_{N(\mathfrak{p}) \leq x} N_{\mathfrak{p}}^k(\mathbb{A}[n])$ by appealing to the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions and more generally the Chebotarev density theorem. We further interpret this limit as the number of orbits of the action of the absolute Galois group of $F$on $k$ copies of $\mathbb{A}[n]$ by an application of Burnside's Lemma. These concrete examples suggest a possible approach for determining the number of orbits of a group acting on $k$ copies of a set. We also show that for an algebraic set $Y$ of dimension zero, the corresponding arithmetic function $N_\mathfrak{p}(Y)$, defined on primes $\mathfrak{p}$ of $F$, has an asymptotic limiting distribution.

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