Paper detail

On the Impact of Three Dimensions in Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions

We present 1D, 2D, and 3D hydrodynamical simulations of core-collapse supernovae including a parameterized neutrino heating and cooling scheme in order to investigate the critical core neutrino luminosity (L_crit) required for explosion. In contrast to some previous works, we find that 3D simulations explode later than 2D simulations, and that L_crit at fixed mass accretion rate is somewhat higher in 3D than in 2D. We find, however, that in 2D L_crit increases as the numerical resolution of the simulation increases. In contrast to some previous works, we argue that the average entropy of the gain region is in fact not a good indicator of explosion but is rather a reflection of the greater mass in the gain region in 2D. We compare our simulations to semi-analytic explosion criteria and examine the nature of the convective motions in 2D and 3D. We discuss the balance between neutrino-driven-buoyancy and drag forces. In particular, we show that the drag force will be proportional to a buoyant plume's surface area while the buoyant force is proportional to a plume's volume and, therefore, plumes with greater volume-to-surface area ratios will rise more quickly. We show that buoyant plumes in 2D are inherently larger, with greater volume-to-surface area ratios, than plumes in 3D. In the scenario that the supernova shock expansion is dominated by neutrino-driven buoyancy, this balance between buoyancy and drag forces may explain why 3D simulations explode later than 2D simulations and why L_crit increases with resolution. Finally, we provide a comparison of our results with other calculations in the literature.