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On the Formation of Penumbrae as Observed with the German VTT, SOHO/MDI, and SDO/HMI

Solar magnetic fields are generated in the solar interior and pop up at the solar surface to form active regions. As the magnetic field appears on the surface, it forms various structures like small magnetic elements, pores, and sunspots. The nature of these formation processes is largely unknown. In this contribution we elaborate on the formation of sunspots and particularly on the formation of penumbrae. We report on observations that we obtained at the German VTT on July 4, 2009 on the formation of the spot in AR 11024. This data set is accomplished with data from SOHO/MDI which offers an entire time coverage. Moreover, the evolution of AR 11024 is compared with a particular event of penumbra formation in AR 11124 around November 13, 2010, using intensity images from SDO/HMI. We conclude that two processes contribute to the increase of the magnetic flux of a sunspot: (1) merging pores, and (2) emerging bipoles of which the spot polarity migrates towards and merges with the spot. As the penumbra forms the area, magnetic flux, and maximum field strength in the umbra stay constant or increase slightly, i.e. the formation of the penumbra is associated with flux emergence and an flux increase of the proto-spot. If two pores merge or if a pore merges with a proto-spot a light bridge is created. This initial light bridge dissolves in the further evolution.