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On modified second Paine-de Hoog-Anderssen boundary value problem

This article deals with a special case of the Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem (BVP), an eigenvalue problem characterized by the Sturm-Liouville differential operator with unknown spectra and the associated eigenfunctions. By examining the BVP in the Schrödinger form, we are interested in the problem where the corresponding invariant function takes the form of a reciprocal quadratic form. We call this BVP the modified second Paine-de Hoog-Anderssen (PdHA) problem. We estimate the lowest-order eigenvalue without solving the eigenvalue problem but by utilizing the localized landscape and effective potential functions instead. While for particular combinations of parameter values that the spectrum estimates exhibit a poor quality, the outcomes are generally acceptable although they overestimate the numerical computations. Qualitatively, the eigenvalue estimate is strikingly excellent, and the proposal can be adopted to other BVPs.