Paper detail

On Mass and Matter

The visible Universe is largely characterised by a single mass-scale; namely, the proton mass, $m_p$. Contemporary theory suggests that $m_p$ emerges as a consequence of gluon self-interactions, which are a defining characteristic of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions in the Standard Model. However, the proton is not elementary. Its mass appears as a corollary of other, more basic emergent phenomena latent in the QCD Lagrangian, e.g. generation of nuclear-size gluon and quark mass-scales, and a unique effective charge that may describe QCD interactions at all accessible momentum scales. These remarks are explained herein; and focusing on the distribution amplitudes and functions of $π$ and $K$ mesons, promising paths for their empirical verification are elucidated. Connected therewith, in anticipation that production of $J/ψ$-mesons using $π$ and $K$ beams can provide access to the gluon distributions in these pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone modes, predictions for all $π$ and $K$ distribution functions are provided at the scale $ζ=m_{J/ψ}$.