Observability inequalities from measurable sets for some evolution equations

In this paper, we build up two observability inequalities from measurable sets in time for some evolution equations in Hilbert spaces from two different settings. The equation reads: $u'=Au,\; t>0$, and the observation operator is denoted by $B$. In the first setting, we assume that $A$ generates an analytic semigroup, $B$ is an admissible observation operator for this semigroup (cf. \cite{TG}), and the pair $(A,B)$ verifies some observability inequality from time intervals. With the help of the propagation estimate of analytic functions (cf. \cite{V}) and a telescoping series method provided in the current paper, we establish an observability inequality from measurable sets in time. In the second setting, we suppose that $A$ generates a $C_0$ semigroup, $B$ is a linear and bounded operator, and the pair $(A, B)$ verifies some spectral-like condition. With the aid of methods developed in \cite{AEWZ} and \cite{PW2} respectively, we first obtain an interpolation inequality at one time, and then derive an observability inequality from measurable sets in time. These two observability inequalities are applied to get the bang-bang property for some time optimal control problems.

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