Paper detail

Numerical sunspot models: Robustness of photospheric velocity and magnetic field structure

MHD simulations of sunspots have successfully reproduced many aspects of sunspot fine structure as consequence of magneto convection in inclined magnetic field. We study how global sunspot properties and penumbral fine structure depend on the magnetic top boundary condition as well as on grid spacing. The overall radial extent of the penumbra is subject to the magnetic top boundary condition. All other aspects of sunspot structure and penumbral fine structure are resolved at an acceptable level starting from a grid resolution of 48 [24] km (horizontal [vertical]). We find that the amount of inverse polarity flux and the overall amount of overturning convective motions in the penumbra are robust with regard to both, resolution and boundary conditions. At photospheric levels Evershed flow channels are strongly magnetized. We discuss in detail the relation between velocity and magnetic field structure in the photosphere and point out observational consequences.