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Nonlocal symmetries related to Bäcklund transformation and their applications

Starting from nonlocal symmetries related to Bäcklund transformation (BT), many interesting results can be obtained. Taking the well known potential KdV (pKdV) equation as an example, a new type of nonlocal symmetry in elegant and compact form which comes from BT is presented and used to make researches in the following three subjects: two sets of negative pKdV hierarchies and their corresponding bilinear forms are constructed; the nonlocal symmetry is localized by introduction of suitable and simple auxiliary dependent variables to generate new solutions from old ones and to consider some novel group invariant solutions; some other models both in finite dimensions and infinite dimensions are generated by comprising the original BT and evolution under new nonlocal symmetry. The finite-dimensional models are completely integrable in Liouville sense, which are shown equivalent to the results given through the nonlinearization method for Lax pair.