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Non-minimally Coupled Vector Boson Dark Matter

We consider a simple abelian vector dark matter (DM) model, where {\it only} the DM $(\widetilde{X}_μ)$ couples non-minimally to the scalar curvature $(\widetilde{R})$ of the background spacetime via an operator of the form $\sim \widetilde{X}_μ\,\widetilde{X}^μ\,\widetilde{R}$. By considering the standard freeze-out scenario, we show, it is possible to probe such a non-minimally coupled DM in direct detection experiments for a coupling strength $ξ\sim\mathcal{O}\left(10^{30}\right)$ and DM mass $m_X\lesssim 55$ TeV, satisfying Planck observed relic abundance and perturbative unitarity. We also discuss DM production via freeze-in, governed by the non-minimal coupling, that requires $ξ\lesssim 10^{-5}$ to produce the observed DM abundance over a large range of DM mass depending on the choice of the reheating temperature. We further show, even in the absence of the non-minimal coupling, it is possible to produce the whole observed DM abundance via 2-to-2 scattering of the bath particles mediated by massless gravitons.