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Nematic equilibria on a two-dimensional annulus: defects and energies

We study planar nematic equilibria on a two-dimensional annulus with strong and weak tangent anchoring, within the Oseen-Frank and Landau-de Gennes theories for nematic liquid crystals. We analyse the defect-free state in the Oseen-Frank framework and obtain analytic stability criteria in terms of the elastic anisotropy, annular aspect ratio and anchoring strength. We consider radial and azimuthal perturbations of the defect-free state separately, which yields a complete stability diagram for the defect-free state. We construct nematic equilibria with an arbitrary number of defects on a two-dimensional annulus with strong tangent anchoring and compute their energies; these equilibria are generalizations of the diagonal and rotated states observed in a square. This gives novel insights into the correlation between preferred numbers of defects, their locations and the geometry. In the Landau-de Gennes framework, we adapt Mironescu's powerful stability result in the Ginzburg-Landau framework (P. Mironescu, On the stability of radial solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau equation, 1995) to compute quantitative criteria for the local stability of the defect-free state in terms of the temperature and geometry.