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Nanometre-scale probing of spin waves using single electron spins

Correlated-electron systems support a wealth of magnetic excitations, ranging from conventional spin waves to exotic fractional excitations in low-dimensional or geometrically-frustrated spin systems. Probing such excitations on nanometre length scales is essential for unravelling the underlying physics and developing new spintronic nanodevices. However, no established technique provides real-space, few-nanometre-scale probing of correlated-electron magnetic excitations under ambient conditions. Here we present a solution to this problem using magnetometry based on single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond. We focus on spin-wave excitations in a ferromagnetic microdisc, and demonstrate local, quantitative, and phase-sensitive detection of the spin-wave magnetic field at ~50 nm from the disc. We map the magnetic-field dependence of spin-wave excitations by detecting the associated local reduction in the disc's longitudinal magnetization. In addition, we characterize the spin-noise spectrum by NV-spin relaxometry, finding excellent agreement with a general analytical description of the stray fields produced by spin-spin correlations in a 2D magnetic system. These complementary measurement modalities pave the way towards imaging the local excitations of systems such as ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, skyrmions, atomically assembled quantum magnets, and spin ice.