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Multiple recurrence and convergence for Hardy sequences of polynomial growth

We study the limiting behavior of multiple ergodic averages involving sequences of integers that satisfy some regularity conditions and have polynomial growth. We show that for "typical" choices of Hardy field functions $a(t)$ with polynomial growth, the averages $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^N f_1(T^{[a(n)]}x)\cdot...\cdot f_\ell(T^{\ell [a(n)]}x)$ converge in the mean and we determine their limit. For example, this is the case if $a(t)=t^{3/2}, t\log{t},$ or $t^2+(\log{t})^2$. Furthermore, if ${a_1(t),...,a_\ell(t)}$ is a "typical" family of logarithmico-exponential functions of polynomial growth, then for every ergodic system, the averages $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^N f_1(T^{[a_1(n)]}x)\cdot...\cdot f_\ell(T^{[a_\ell(n)]}x)$ converge in the mean to the product of the integrals of the corresponding functions. For example, this is the case if the functions $a_i(t)$ are given by different positive fractional powers of $t$. We deduce several results in combinatorics. We show that if $a(t)$ is a non-polynomial Hardy field function with polynomial growth, then every set of integers with positive upper density contains arithmetic progressions of the form ${m,m+[a(n)],...,m+\ell[a(n)]}$. Under suitable assumptions we get a related result concerning patterns of the form ${m, m+[a_1(n)],..., m+[a_\ell(n)]}.$