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Modeling nuclear parton distribution functions

The presence of nuclear medium and collective phenomena which involve several nucleons modify the parton distribution functions of nuclei (nPDFs) compared to those of a free nucleon. These modifications have been investigated by different groups using global analyses of high energy nuclear reaction world data resulting in modern nPDF parametrizations with error estimates, such as EPS09(s), HKN07 and nDS. These phenomenological nPDF sets roughly agree within their uncertainty bands, but have antiquarks for large-$x$ and gluons for the whole $x$-range poorly constrained by the available data. In the kinematics accessible at the LHC this has negative impact on the interpretation of the heavy-ion collision data, especially for the $p + A$ benchmarking runs. The EMC region is also sensitive to the proper definition of $x$, where the nuclear binding effects have to be taken into account, and for heavy nuclei one also needs to take into account that a fraction of the nucleus momentum is carried by the equivalent photons which modifies the momentum sum rule. We study how these effects affect the predictions for the nuclear modification ratios at the LHC kinematics using a model where we combine theoretical input for the leading twist nuclear shadowing (the FGS model) and the EKS98s/EPS09s nPDF set where the spatial dependence is formulated as a power series of the nuclear thickness functions $T_A$.