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Les représentations génétiques d'objets : simples analogies ou modèles pertinents ? Le point de vue de l' "évolutique".<br>&ndash;&ndash;&ndash;<br>Genetic representations of objects : simple analogies or efficient models ? The "evolutic" point of view

Depuis une trentaine d'années, les ingénieurs utilisent couramment des analogies avec l'évolution naturelle pour optimiser des dispositifs techniques. Le plus souvent, ces méthodes "génétiques" ou "évolutionnaires" sont considérées uniquement du point de vue pratique, comme des méthodes d'optimisation performantes, qu'on peut utiliser à la place d'autres méthodes (gradients, simplexes, ...). Dans cet article, nous essayons de montrer que les sciences et les techniques, mais aussi les organisations humaines, et généralement tous les systèmes complexes, obéissent à des lois d'évolution dont la génétique est un bon modèle représentatif, même si gênes et chromosomes sont "virtuels" : ainsi loin d'être seulement un outil ponctuel d'aide à la synthèse de solutions technologiques, la représentation génétique est-elle un modèle dynamique global de l'évolution du monde façonné par l'agitation humaine.&ndash;&ndash;&ndash;&ndash;For thirty years, engineers commonly use analogies with natural evolution to optimize technical devices. More often that not, these "genetic" or "evolutionary" methods are only view as efficient tools, which could replace other optimization techniques (gradient methods, simplex, ...). In this paper, we try to show that sciences, techniques, human organizations, and more generally all complex systems, obey to evolution rules, whose the genetic is a good representative model, even if genes and chromosomes are "virtual". Thus, the genetic representation is not only a specific tool helping for the design of technological solutions, but also a global and dynamic model for the action of the human agitation on our world.

preprint2006arXivOpen access

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