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Lagrangian Formulation of a Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem

A covariant Lagrangian formulation of a solution to the cosmological constant problem, based on vizualising the fluctuations of the vacuum energy as a non-equilibrium process with stochastic behaviour, is presented. The variational principle yields equations of motion for the cosmological ``constant" $Λ$, treated as a dynamical field, together with an equation for a Lagrange multiplier field $ϕ$, and the standard Einstein field equations with a variable cosmological constant term. A stochastic model of $Λ$ yields a natural explanation for the smallness or zero value of the constant in the present epoch and its large value in an era of inflation in the early universe.