Paper detail

Irradiated ISM: Discriminating between Cosmic Rays and X-rays

The ISM of active galaxy centers is exposed to a combination of cosmic ray, FUV and X-ray radiation. We apply PDR models to this ISM with both `normal' and highly elevated (5\times 10^{-15}s^-1) cosmic-ray rates and compare the results to those obtained for XDRs. Our existing PDR-XDR code is used to construct models over a 10^3-10^5 cm^-3 density range and for 0.16-160 erg s^-1 cm^-2 impingent fluxes. We obtain larger high J (J>10) CO ratios in PDRs when we use the highly elevated cosmic ray rate, but these are always exceeded by the corresponding XDR ratios. The [CI] 609 mum/13CO(2-1) line ratio is boosted by a factor of a few in PDRs with n~10^3 cm^-3 exposed to a high cosmic ray rate. At higher densities ratios become identical irrespective of cosmic ray flux, while XDRs always show elevated [CI] emission per CO column. The HCN/CO and HCN/HCO+ line ratios, combined with high J CO emission lines, are good diagnostics to distinguish between PDRs under either low or high cosmic ray irradiation conditions, and XDRs. Hence, the HIFI instrument on Herschel, which can detect these CO lines, will be crucial in the study of active galaxies.