Paper detail

Infrared scaling for a graviton condensate

The coupling between gravity and matter provides an intriguing length scale in the infrared for theories of gravity within Einstein-Hilbert action and beyond. In particular, we will show that such an infrared length scale is determined by the number of gravitons $N_{g}\gg1$ associated to a given mass in the non-relativistic limit. After tracing out the matter degrees of freedom, the graviton vacuum is found to be in a displaced vacuum with an occupation number of gravitons $N_{g}\gg1$. In the infrared, the length scale appears to be $L=\sqrt{N_{g}}\ell_{p}$, where $L$ is the new infrared length scale, and $\ell_{p}$ is the Planck length. In a specific example, we have found that the infrared length scale is greater than the Schwarzschild radius for a slowly moving in-falling thin shell of matter. We will argue that the appearance of such an infrared length scale in higher curvature theories of gravity, such as in quadratic and cubic curvature theories of gravity, is also expected. Furthermore, we will show that gravity is fundamentally different from the electromagnetic interaction where the number of photons, $N_{p}$, is the fine structure constant after tracing out an electron wave function.