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Identifying differences in the rules of interaction between individuals in moving animal groups

Collective movement can be achieved when individuals respond to the local movements and positions of their neighbours. Some individuals may disproportionately influence group movement if they occupy particular spatial positions in the group, for example, positions at the front of the group. We asked, therefore, what led individuals in moving pairs of fish (Gambusia holbrooki) to occupy a position in front of their partner. Individuals adjusted their speed and direction differently in response to their partner's position, resulting in individuals occupying different positions in the group. Individuals that were found most often at the front of the pair had greater mean changes in speed than their partner, and were less likely to turn towards their partner, compared to those individuals most often found at the back of the pair. The pair moved faster when led by the individual that was usually at the front. Our results highlight how differences in the social responsiveness between individuals can give rise to leadership in free moving groups. They also demonstrate how the movement characteristics of groups depend on the spatial configuration of individuals within them.