Hydrodynamical behavior of symmetric exclusion with slow bonds

We consider the exclusion process in the one-dimensional discrete torus with $N$ points, where all the bonds have conductance one, except a finite number of slow bonds, with conductance $N^{-β}$, with $β\in[0,\infty)$. We prove that the time evolution of the empirical density of particles, in the diffusive scaling, has a distinct behavior according to the range of the parameter $β$. If $β\in [0,1)$, the hydrodynamic limit is given by the usual heat equation. If $β=1$, it is given by a parabolic equation involving an operator $\frac{d}{dx}\frac{d}{dW}$, where $W$ is the Lebesgue measure on the torus plus the sum of the Dirac measure supported on each macroscopic point related to the slow bond. If $β\in(1,\infty)$, it is given by the heat equation with Neumann's boundary conditions, meaning no passage through the slow bonds in the continuum.

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