Abstract
We use recent developments in the theory of finite-time dynamical systems to objectively locate the material boundaries of coherent vortices in two-dimensional Navier--Stokes turbulence. We show that these boundaries are optimal in the sense that any closed curve in their exterior will lose coherence under material advection. Through a detailed comparison, we find that other available Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques significantly underestimate the size of each coherent vortex.
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