Higher-Loop Structural Properties of the $β$ Function in Asymptotically Free Vectorial Gauge Theories

We investigate some higher-loop structural properties of the $β$ function in asymptotically free vectorial gauge theories. Our main focus is on theories with fermion contents that lead to an infrared (IR) zero in $β$. We present analytic and numerical calculations of the value of the gauge coupling where $β$ reaches a minimum, the value of $β$ at this minimum, and the slope of $β$ at the IR zero, at two-, three-, and four-loop order. The slope of $β$ at the IR zero is relevant for estimates of a dilaton mass in quasiconformal gauge theories. Some inequalities are derived concerning the dependence of the above quantities on loop order. A general inequality is derived concerning the dependence of the shift of the IR zero of $β$, from the $n$-loop to the $(n+1)$-loop order, on the sign of the $(n+1)$-loop coefficient in $β$. Some results are also given for gauge theories with ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetry.

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