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Higher dimensional Auslander-Reiten theory on maximal orthogonal subcategories

Auslander-Reiten theory is fundamental to study categories which appear in representation theory, for example, modules over artin algebras, Cohen-Macaulay modules over Cohen-Macaulay rings, lattices over orders, and coherent sheaves on projective curves. In these Auslander-Reiten theories, the number `2' is quite symbolic. For one thing, almost split sequences give minimal projective resolutions of simple functors of projective dimension `2'. For another, Cohen-Macaulay rings of Krull-dimension `2' provide us with one of the most beautiful situation in representation theory, which is closely related to McKay's observation on simple singularities. In this sense, usual Auslander-Reiten theory should be `2-dimensional' theory, and it be natural to find a setting for higher dimensional Auslander-Reiten theory from the viewpoint of representation theory and non-commutative algebraic geometry. We introduce maximal $(n-1)$-orthogonal subcategories as a natural domain of higher dimensional Auslander-Reiten theory which should be `$(n+1)$-dimensional'. We show that the $n$-Auslander-Reiten translation functor and the $n$-Auslander-Reiten duality can be defined quite naturally for such categories. Using them, we show that our categories have {\it $n$-almost split sequences}, which give minimal projective resolutions of simple objects of projective dimension `$n+1$' in functor categories. We show that an invariant subring (of Krull-dimension `$n+1$') corresponding to a finite subgroup $G$ of ${\rm GL}(n+1,k)$ has a natural maximal $(n-1)$-orthogonal subcategory. We give a classification of all maximal 1-orthogonal subcategories for representation-finite selfinjective algebras and representation-finite Gorenstein orders of classical type.