Paper detail

GN-z11-flash was a signal from a man-made satellite not a gamma-ray burst at redshift 11

Long gamma-ray bursts (GRB), explosions of very massive stars, provide crucial information on stellar and galaxy evolution, even at redshifts z ~ 8 - 9.5, when the Universe was only 500-600 million years old. Recently, during observations of a galaxy at a redshift of z ~ 11 (400 million years after the Big Bang), a bright signal, named GN-z11-flash, shorter than 245 s was detected and interpreted as an ultraviolet flash associated with a GRB in this galaxy, or a shock-breakout in a Population III supernova. Its resulting luminosity would be consistent with that of other GRBs, but a discussion based on probability arguments started on whether this is instead a signal from a man-made satellite or a Solar System object. Here we show a conclusive association of GN-z11-flash with Breeze-M upper stage of a Russian Proton rocket on a highly elliptical orbit. This rules out GN-z11-flash as the most distant GRB ever detected. It also implies that monitoring of a larger sample of very high redshift galaxies is needed to detect such distant GRBs. This also highlights the importance of a complete database of Earth satellites and debris, which can allow proper interpretation of astronomical observations.