Generalized Dyson Brownian motion, McKean-Vlasov equation and eigenvalues of random matrices

Using Itô's calculus and the mass optimal transportation theory, we study the generalized Dyson Brownian motion (GDBM) and the associated McKean-Vlasov evolution equation with an external potential $V$. Under suitable condition on $V$, we prove the existence and uniqueness of strong solution to SDE for GDBM. Standard argument shows that the family of the process of empirical measures $L_N(t)$ of GDBM is tight and every accumulative point of $L_N(t)$ in the weak convergence topology is a weak solution of the associated McKean-Vlasov evolution equation, which can be realized as the gradient flow of the Voiculescu free entropy on the Wasserstein space over $\mathbb{R}$. Under the condition $V''\geq -K$ for some constant $K\geq 0$, we prove that the McKean-Vlasov equation has a unique solution $μ(t)$ and $L_N(t)$ converges weakly to $μ(t)$ as $N\rightarrow \infty$. For $C^2$ convex potentials, we prove that $μ(t)$ converges to the equilibrium measure $μ_V$ with respect to the $W_2$-Wasserstein distance on $\mathscr{P}_2(\mathbb{R})$ as $t\rightarrow \infty$. Under the uniform convexity or a modified uniform convexity condition on $V$, we prove that $μ(t)$ converges to $μ_V$ with respect to the $W_2$-Wasserstein distance on $\mathscr{P}_2(\mathbb{R})$ with an exponential rate as $t\rightarrow \infty$. Finally, we discuss the double-well potentials and raise some conjectures.

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