Generalization of Menger's Edge Theorem to Four Vertices

preprint2022arXivOpen access

Abstract

Menger's Edge Theorem asserts that there exist kk pairwise edge-disjoint paths between two vertices in an undirected graph if and only if a deletion of any k−1k-1 or less edges does not disconnect these two vertices. Alternatively, there exist kk pairwise summand-disjoint formal sums of edges with coefficients in F2\mathbb{F}_2, each one of which is mapped by the boundary map to the sum of vertices AA and BB, if and only if after a deletion of any k−1k-1 or less edges there still exist a formal sum of edges with coefficients in F2\mathbb{F}_2 which is mapped by the boundary map to A+BA+B. We extend this result to four vertices A,B,C,DA,B,C,D. We prove that in an undirected graph, in which all the vertices different from A,B,C,DA,B,C,D have even degrees, the following two statements are equivalent: There exist kk pairwise summand-disjoint formal sums of edges with coefficients in F2\mathbb{F}_2, each one of which is mapped by the boundary map to A+B+C+DA+B+C+D; After a deletion of any k−1k-1 or less edges there still exists a formal sum of edges with coefficients in F2\mathbb{F}_2 which is mapped by the boundary map to A+B+C+DA+B+C+D. Equivalently, if after a deletion of any k−1k-1 or less edges, the four vertices A,B,C,DA,B,C,D can be split into two pairs of vertices, and the two vertices in each pair then can be connected by a path so that these two paths are edge-disjoint, then the four vertices A,B,C,DA,B,C,D can be split kk times into two pairs of vertices and the two vertices in each one of these 2k2k pairs can then be connected by a path in such a way that all these 2k2k paths are pairwise edge-disjoint.

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