Paper detail

Gauge-invariant spectral description of the $U(1)$ Higgs model from local composite operators

The spectral properties of a set of local gauge-invariant composite operators are investigated in the $U(1)$ Higgs model quantized in the 't Hooft $R_ξ$ gauge. These operators enable us to give a gauge-invariant description of the spectrum of the theory, thereby surpassing certain incommodities when using the standard elementary fields. The corresponding two-point correlation functions are evaluated at one-loop order and their spectral functions are obtained explicitly. As expected, the above mentioned correlation functions are independent from the gauge parameter $ξ$, while exhibiting positive spectral densities as well as gauge-invariant pole masses corresponding to the massive photon and Higgs physical excitations.